20th and 21st century music

With 20th century music, there was a vast increase in music listening as the radio gained popularity and phonographs were used to replay and distribute music. The focus of art music was characterized by exploration of new rhythms, styles, and sounds. Igor Stravinsky, Arnold Schoenberg, and John Cage were all influential composers in 20th century art music. The invention of sound recording and the ability to edit music gave rise to new sub-genre of classical music, including the acousmatic and Musique concrète schools of electronic composition.

Jazz evolved and became a significant genre of music over the course of the 20th century, and during the second half of that century, rock music did the same. Jazz is an American musical art form that originated in the beginning of the 20th century in African American communities in the Southern United States from a confluence of African and European music traditions. The style's West African pedigree is evident in its use of blue notes, improvisation, polyrhythms, syncopation, and the swung note. From its early development until the present, jazz has also incorporated music from 19th and 20th century American popular music. Jazz has, from its early 20th century inception, spawned a variety of subgenres, ranging from New Orleans Dixieland (1910s) to 1970s and 1980s-era jazz-rock fusion.

Rock music is a genre of popular music that developed in the 1960s from 1950s rock and roll, rockabilly, blues, and country music. The sound of rock often revolves around the electric guitar or acoustic guitar, and it uses a strong back beat laid down by a rhythm section of electric bass guitar, drums, and keyboard instruments such as organ, piano, or, since the 1970s, analog synthesizers and digital ones and computers since the 1990s. Along with the guitar or keyboards, saxophone and blues-style harmonica are used as soloing instruments. In its "purest form," it "has three chords, a strong, insistent back beat, and a catchy melody." In the late 1960s and early 1970s, rock music branched out into different subgenres, ranging from blues rock and jazz-rock fusion to heavy metal and punk rock, as well as the more classical influenced genre of progressive rock and several types of experimental rock genres.

Introduction

Music is an art form whose medium is sound. Common elements of music are pitch (which governs melody and harmony), rhythm (and its associated concepts tempo, meter, and articulation), dynamics, and the sonic qualities of timbre and texture. The word derives from Greek μουσική (mousike), "(art) of the Muses."
The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. Music ranges from strictly organized compositions (and their recreation in performance), through improvisational music to aleatoric forms. Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between music genres are often subtle, sometimes open to individual interpretation, and occasionally controversial. Within "the arts," music may be classified as a performing art, a fine art, and auditory art. There is also a strong connection between music and mathematics.

To many people in many cultures music is an important part of their way of life. Greek philosophers and ancient Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as "the harmony of the spheres" and "it is music to my ears" point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, "There is no noise, only sound." Musicologist Jean-Jacques Nattiez summarizes the relativist, post-modern viewpoint: "The border between music and noise is always culturally defined—which implies that, even within a single society, this border does not always pass through the same place; in short, there is rarely a consensus ... By all accounts there is no single and intercultural universal concept defining what music might be."

Physical Arts

Sports have many affinities with art. For example, figure skating, drum corps, skateboarding, artistic gymnastics, dance sport, and Tai chi can be considered artistic spectacles. Similarly, there are other activities that have elements of sport and art in their execution, such as bodybuilding, free running, martial arts, professional wrestling, performance art, yoga, dressage, and culinary arts. Perhaps the best example is bull-fighting, which in Spain is reported in the arts pages of newspapers.

All sports involve physical and mental activities that are pursued for more than simply utilitarian reasons. For instance, running, when done as a sport, occurs for reasons beyond simply moving from one place to another. Value is gained from this activity when it is conducted simply for its own sake. This is similar to the concept of aesthetic value, which is seeing something over and above the strictly functional value coming from an object's normal use. For instance, an aesthetically pleasing car is one which doesn't just get from A to B, but which impresses with its grace, poise, and charisma. In the same way, a sporting performance such as jumping doesn't just impress as being an effective way to avoid obstacles. It impresses because of the ability, skill, and style that is demonstrated in its performance.

Art and sports were clearly linked at the time of Ancient Greece, when gymnastics and calisthenics invoked admiration and aesthetic appreciation for the physical build, prowess and arete displayed by participants. The modern term art as skill, is related to this ancient Greek term arete. The closeness of art and sport in these times was revealed by the nature of the Olympic Games, which were celebrations of both sporting and artistic achievements, poetry, sculpture and architectures.

History About Sports

There are artifacts and structures that suggest that the Chinese engaged in sporting activities as early as 4000 BC. Gymnastics appears to have been a popular sport in China's ancient past. Monuments to the Pharaohs indicate that a number of sports, including swimming and fishing, were well-developed and regulated several thousands of years ago in ancient Egypt. Other Egyptian sports included javelin throwing, high jump, and wrestling. Ancient Persian sports such as the traditional Iranian martial art of Zourkhaneh had a close connection to the warfare skills. Among other sports that originate in ancient Persia are polo and jousting.
A wide range of sports were already established by the time of Ancient Greece and the military culture and the development of sports in Greece influenced one another considerably. Sports became such a prominent part of their culture that the Greeks created the Olympic Games, which in ancient times were held every four years in a small village in the Peloponnesus called Olympia.
Sports have been increasingly organized and regulated from the time of the ancient Olympics up to the present century. Industrialization has brought increased leisure time to the citizens of developed and developing countries, leading to more time for citizens to attend and follow spectator sports, greater participation in athletic activities, and increased accessibility. These trends continued with the advent of mass media and global communication. Professionalism became prevalent, further adding to the increase in sport's popularity, as sports fans began following the exploits of professional athletes through radio, television, and the internet—all while enjoying the exercise and competition associated with amateur participation in sports.
In the New Millennium, new sports have been going further from the physical aspect to the mental or psychological aspect of competing. Electronic sports organizations are becoming more and more popular.

Introduction

A sport is an organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. It is governed by a set of rules or customs. Activities such as card games and board games, are classified as "mind sports" and some are recognized as Olympic sport, requiring primarily mental skills and mental physical involvement. Non-competitive activities, for example as jogging or playing catch are usually classified as forms of recreation.

Physical events such as scoring goals or crossing a line first often define the result of a sport. However, the degree of skill and performance in some sports such as diving, dressage and figure skating is judged according to well-defined criteria. This is in contrast with other judged activities such as beauty pageants and body building, where skill does not have to be shown and the criteria are not as well defined.

Records are kept and updated for most sports at the highest levels, while failures and accomplishments are widely announced in sport news. Sports are most often played just for fun or for the simple fact that people need exercise to stay in good physical condition. However, professional sport is a major source of entertainment.

While practices may vary, sports participants are expected to display good sportsmanship, and observe standards of conduct such as being respectful of opponents and officials, and congratulating the winner when losing.

Home Business

Choosing the Home Business That's Right For You

Starting down a new career path can be both exciting and terrifying. There are a lot of tools on the market that can help you determine what type of career field you should enter. But what if your chosen "career path" is being an entrepreneur and running a home-based business? Do the rules change? Below are five questions to ask yourself to help you determine what type of business might be right for you.
1. What is your passion?
Answer this question with the first thing that comes to mind: If money were no object and you could do anything, what would you do? You might have answered "be a writer", "speak at conferences," "bring my product idea to life" or any number of things. Whatever your answer, this most likely is your passion. I challenge you to take the time to ponder this and see if there is a way to bring your dream to fruition.
2. What types of things did you like to do as a child?
Many times the toys and games we loved as children give us a glimpse into who we have become as adults. If you loved climbing trees, you may now be an "outdoorsy" type of person. Think about how this might be incorporated into your business. For instance, you might enjoy setting up outdoor birthday parties for children or selling herbs from your backyard garden.
3. What type of products would you be interested in representing?
If you're looking in the direction of direct sales, whether that be your own product or an established home-based business option, you need to think through what types of products you'd be comfortable presenting to your customers. Take the time to do some research and find a product that truly excites you. Your customers will see your sincerity and that can sell a product just as easily as a fancy presentation.
4. What skills and experience do you bring to the table?
If you've left the corporate world in favor of working at home, you've undoubtedly brought with you a set of skills. There may be a way to market those skills in a new way and turn them into a profitable business. For instance, if you were an executive assistant you may be able to type 80 words or more per minute. You could set up shop as a Virtual Assistant and help other business owners in processing orders, transcribing documents and much more.
5. Are you thinking outside of the box?
Most of us have a fear of the unknown. We many times assume that if we haven't done something before it is simply out of reach. This carries over to the business world as well. We take our products or services and market them in the same way that we see other business owners using. However, it can be much more effective to find new and innovative ways to market. One home-based business owner I know sells stuffable toy kits. Instead of using the usual home parties and birthday party events, she works almost exclusively with children's hospitals doing fundraisers. She makes a great living and helps not only the hospitals, but the children as well. She is a great example of unique marketing and overcoming the mundane marketing methods that so many business owners resign themselves to.
Your home-based business should be unique to you. It should make you want to get up each morning excited about the possibilities of the day ahead. Take the time to thoroughly think through the questions above and you'll be on your way to making a great, well thought out decision that has your name written all over it!

10 Tips for Successful Business Networking

10 Tips for Successful Business Networking

Effective business networking is the linking together of individuals who, through trust and relationship building, become walking, talking advertisements for one another.

1. Keep in mind that networking is about being genuine and authentic, building trust and relationships, and seeing how you can help others.

2. Ask yourself what your goals are in participating in networking meetings so that you will pick groups that will help you get what you are looking for. Some meetings are based more on learning, making contacts, and/or volunteering rather than on strictly making business connections.

3. Visit as many groups as possible that spark your interest. Notice the tone and attitude of the group. Do the people sound supportive of one another? Does the leadership appear competent? Many groups will allow you to visit two times before joining.

4. Hold volunteer positions in organizations. This is a great way to stay visible and give back to groups that have helped you.

5. Ask open-ended questions in networking conversations. This means questions that ask who, what, where, when, and how as opposed to those that can be answered with a simple yes or no. This form of questioning opens up the discussion and shows listeners that you are interested in them.

6. Become known as a powerful resource for others. When you are known as a strong resource, people remember to turn to you for suggestions, ideas, names of other people, etc. This keeps you visible to them.

7. Have a clear understanding of what you do and why, for whom, and what makes your doing it special or different from others doing the same thing. In order to get referrals, you must first have a clear understanding of what you do that you can easily articulate to others.

8. Be able to articulate what you are looking for and how others may help you. Too often people in conversations ask, "How may I help you?" and no immediate answer comes to mind.

9. Follow through quickly and efficiently on referrals you are given. When people give you referrals, your actions are a reflection on them. Respect and honor that and your referrals will grow.

10. Call those you meet who may benefit from what you do and vice versa. Express that you enjoyed meeting them, and ask if you could get together and share ideas.

Network Business Series

The business and IT professional's guide to understanding networking investments

Presents a thorough, tailored overview of an important technology and associated business strategies
Details various implementation scenarios based on different business models, providing information critical to planning technology strategies
Provides metrics for making complex, networking-related decisions, including total cost of ownership (TCO) and return on investment (ROI)
Gives detailed case studies showcasing relevant technologies

What is the Network Business Series?
Today more than ever companies are focusing on network solutions as part of their overall business strategies and are studying the profitability, effectiveness, and impact of these systems.
The Network Business Series from Cisco Press is designed to support all business professionals who are involved in this search for optimal network systems, whether they are long-time IT professionals or business managers with no technical expertise. Written in an approachable and clear style, these titles expect no in-depth technical training, only an understanding of general networking concepts and a business person's interest in how technology can play a role in the growth of his or her organization.
Network Business titles provide readers with concise and useful information using book features such as technology overviews, needs analyses, interviews, case studies, and ROI and TCO metrics.
Who should read Network Business books?
IT executives, business professionals, networking professionals, technology experts, and networking consultants are among the primary audience for this series. Network Business titles are geared toward anyone who needs to understand the business case for a technology or business strategy. These titles are not just for IT professionals.

Who writes Network Business books?
Leading authorities have been assembled to write Network Business Series books. These respected authors bring years of related business experience, and are often regarded as visionaries in their respective fields. Authors include Tom Kelly, head of the Internet Learning Solutions Group at Cisco Systems, and creator of the Cisco Career Certification program, and Rouzbeh Yassini, president of YAS Broadband Ventures, and father of the cable modem.

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Hybrid Automobile

Automobile System

Automobile Engine

Automobile engine: apparatus that converts fuel to mechanical energy to power a car.
Air filter: device that removes impurities from air passing trough it.
PVC hose: vinyl tube.
Filter hole: cylindrical part forming the opening of the oil container.
Cylinder head cover: removable cover on the upper part of the motor.
Spark plug cable: cable connecting the spark plug to the distributor cap.
Spark plug cover: spark plug cover.
Spark plug: ignition device of an internal combustion engine.
Exhaust manifold: system that collects spent gases.
Dip stick: instrument that measures the level of oil in a motor.
Flywheel: wheel that, while turning, regulates the speed of the engine.
Engine block: set consisting the motor, the clutch and the gearbox.
Exhaust pipe: pipe through which spent gas is expelled.
Oil filter: device that removes impurities from oil passing through it.
Gas line: network of hoses that transports the gas.
Gas pump: device that moves gas from the gas tank to the engine.
Oil drain plug: cylindrical part that is removed to drain oil from the engine.
Radiator hose: treated rubber tube that connects the lines of a combustion engine.
Pulley: small wheel with a grooved rim, bitted with a belt, that turns the cooling fan.
Fan belt: piece of rubber that wraps around the pulleys and turns the cooling fan.
Water pump: device that circulates water through the radiator.
Fan: apparatus that feed in oxygen the engine's combustion.
Alternator: generator that enables current in both directions.
Distributor: case that enables engine's ignition.
Valve spring: mechanism that keeps the valve closed.

Automobile

Automobile: road vehicle that is motor-driven and is used for transporting people.
Trunk: place for stowing baggage.
Tail light: rear light.
Back fender: side rear part of the body that covers the wheel.
Quarter window: window pane situated approximately above the rear wheel.
Roof post: vertical structure that supports the top of the car.
Window: mounted pane of glass.
Door handle: part of the door used to open it.
Door: opening used to enter the passenger compartment.
Outside mirror: external mirror used for looking backwards.
Door post: vertical structures that encase the windows.
Hub cap: piece of metal covering the hubs.
Wheel: round object that turns around a central axel and allows the car to advance.
Front fender: side fore part of the body that covers the wheel.
Shield: movable apparatus that protects against bumps.
Indicator light: amber light that is used to signal changes in the car's direction.
License plate: piece of metal that carries a number used to identify the automobile.
Bumper: apparatus at the front and rear of a vehicle that protects the body from minor bumps.
Head light: front light of a car.
Grill: plastic or metal decoration over the radiator.
Hood: cover of the engine compartment at the front of a car.
Windshield wiper: movable device, made partly of rubber, that wipes the windshield and rear window of a car.
Outside mirror: external mirror used for looking backwards.
Windshield: the front window of a car.
Sun roof: movable part that allows the roof of a car to be partially opened.
Roof: upper part of a car, covering the passenger compartment.

Automobile (Front View)

Automobile (view from below): road vehicle that is motor-driven and is used for transporting people.
Radiator: apparatus that cools the motor.
Power steering: mechanism that automatically amplifies the movements of the steering wheel.
Line shaft: axle on which mechanical power is transmitted to the wheels.
Exhaust system: network of pipes through which spent gas is expelled.
Differential: gear system connecting the two axles of a car.
Gas tank: container used for storing extra gas.
Rear axle: bar that crosses the bottom rear part of a vehicle. The rear wheels are attached to its ends.
Shock absorber: device for reducing shocks.
Tire: band of rubber composed of a casing of textile and iron, covered with rubber and containing a air tube.
Hydraulic converter: device using static energy to modify the electric current.
Transmission: device carrying engine power to axles.
Crankcase: metal envelope protecting the clutch.
Oil pan: liquid tight metal envelope containing oil.
Master cylinder: type of container in which the piston is moving.

An Automobile Introduction

An automobile, motor car or car is a wheeled motor vehicle used for transporting passengers, which also carries its own engine or motor. Most definitions of the term specify that automobiles are designed to run primarily on roads, to have seating for one to eight people, to typically have four wheels, and to be constructed principally for the transport of people rather than goods.
The term motorcar has also been used in the context of electrified rail systems to denote a car which functions as a small locomotive but also provides space for passengers and baggage. These locomotive cars were often used on suburban routes by both interurban and intercity railroad systems.
There are approximately 600 million passenger cars worldwide (roughly one car per eleven people). Around the world, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007; they burn over a billion cubic meters (260 billion US gallons) of petrol/gasoline and diesel fuel yearly. The numbers are increasing rapidly, especially in China and India.

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